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Taxidermy in the modern age

Whether its mounted deer trophies on tavern walls or mice dressed like Elvis, taxidermy is an art form that has existed for centuries. While gruesome and unsettling for some, this is the process of preserving an animal’s body after it has died, removing its skin and mounting, or stuffing, it with wood to be displayed. Though a niche art in the modern day, there are still plenty of practicing taxidermists in the UK, with Nottingham local Sarah Burhouse being one many to pick up the scalpel.

Nottingham Natural History
Museum has over 750,000
taxidermy specimens in their collection.

Sarah, 30, is a freelance taxidermy conservator working at the Nottingham Natural History Museum and has been a practising ethical taxidermist since 2013. She has had a love of animals since she was in primary school and after completing a zoology degree at the University of Derby, she began volunteering for the RSPB doing surveys and bird counts. “After a while I found I didn’t like field work very much”, said Sarah, “so after seeing different animal specimens at museums, I realised how much easier it is to identify them when they can’t move.”

"I made some complete monstrosities"

Originally planning on collecting taxidermy pieces but recoiling at the prices, Sarah decided to give it a go herself using mice from a reptile shop, following an instructional book from the 70’s called ‘Taxidermy and Tanning’. “I made some complete monstrosities,” she said laughing, explaining how she would dress the mice up in clothes to hide her mistakes - “it was a terrible book.”

In 2014, Sarah took a ten week course in taxidermy conservation and restoration at the Nottingham museum where she learned how to clean and repair already mounted specimens using various materials, such as epoxy clay, to replicate skin and fur. “Behind every closed door in the museum is a room jam packed with specimens,” she said, “taxidermy requires very specific conditions; things like extreme temperatures can damage skins and will need sticking back together, which is all part of the restoration work that I do.” During this course she also received tips on taxidermy and has since honed her skills to become an accomplished taxidermist, taking commissions and even thinking about offering her own training courses.

Some of Sarah's tools, including scalpels and measuring instruments

Some of Sarah's tools, including scalpels and measuring instruments

A ravens body being prepped. Sarah will have defrosted the specimen and cleaned it before beginning the taxidermy process

A ravens body being prepped. Sarah will have defrosted the specimen and cleaned it before beginning the taxidermy process

The first step is to remove the skin of the animal, taking care not to damage it

The first step is to remove the skin of the animal, taking care not to damage it

Sometimes this can be difficult...

Sometimes this can be difficult...

The innards, once removed are discarded, and the inside of the skin is cleaned before being preserved

The innards, once removed are discarded, and the inside of the skin is cleaned before being preserved

The skin is then preserved, either by tanning (like leather) or using sodium borate (depending on the thickness of the skin)

The skin is then preserved, either by tanning (like leather) or using sodium borate (depending on the thickness of the skin)

The final product - the taxidermist will use their skill to make the animal look lifelike, "stuffing" it with a wooden frame for display

The final product - the taxidermist will use their skill to make the animal look lifelike, "stuffing" it with a wooden frame for display

"I felt like Norman Bates from Psycho."

Sarah describes herself as an ethical taxidermist, which for her means that she uses animals that haven’t been killed solely to be preserved, and often mounts roadkill and animals found by the public. “They call us vultures, someone who looks for dead things,” she said, “there’s no blanket rule when it comes to ethical taxidermy, but that’s what it means to me.” This attitude towards taxidermy is one that is shared widely in the community where most, if not all, taxidermists carry out their craft doing the least amount of harm to animals. Mike Gadd, a taxidermist from Boston Spa, has been in business for over 40 years and said things used to be much different when he first started. “I would go to the local game dealer after a big shoot and buy one of their hundreds of hares,” he said. “Now I think more about where the animal came from, taxidermy has given me a real appreciation of wildlife and conservation.”

"Taxidermy has limits - it can't bring your pet back."

Occasionally, Sarah will get a commission to mount someone’s pet, though she tends to stick to her comfort zone of birds. “It’s very hard to recreate the personality of a pet, especially when it comes to cats and dogs,” she said, “I can make a Jack Russell look like a Jack Russell, but I personally don’t have the skill to make it look like your Jack Russell.” Finding a taxidermist is similar to finding a tattoo artist or garden landscaper, you have to be familiar with and like their previous work, “taxidermy has limits, it can’t bring your pet back but there are some brilliant taxidermists out there.”

Though she has worked on various animals in the past, and has three freezers full of a variety of specimens, Sarah specialises in mounting birds. “I’ve definitely done some funny looking birds but I find it so much easier than a mammal,” she said. “So much of the work has already been done for you because you leave the skull in so the beak is in the correct place.” she said, To mount a specimen takes a steady hand and a certain amount of expertise, particularly when stuffing the skin; “making an animal look like it did when it was alive takes so much artistic skill, though I tend to think of it like engineering or carpentry, all very numbers based.”

"I kept thinking how shocking it would be if someone had walked into the room while I was stood on the table holding a bloody penguin.”

One of Sarah’s future projects is a 3 foot long body of a Tegu lizard sitting in her freezer. It was given to her by a pet shop owner in Sherwood after it died and is one of her prized possessions. “He was a local celebrity back in 2012, he used to roam freely around the pet shop and people would freak out – it was hilarious,” she said. “I’ve had him for ages but I’m not quite brave enough to work on him yet”. Sarah keeps a variety of specimens in her freezer, recently having a box of parrots delivered, as well as taking in any animals that are offered to her. “There’s a big taxidermy community in the East Midlands and on Facebook so we do quite a lot of swaps, its great when someone has a specimen you’d really like.”

Onyx the Tegu lizard sits in Sarahs freezer waiting to be mounted

Onyx the Tegu lizard sits in Sarahs freezer waiting to be mounted

One of her stand out experiences in her career was when her and a friend mounted a King Penguin to be displayed at her museum. “It ended up taking about 20 days in all, and 3 of those I spent washing the fat off the skin – she was a very stinky penguin.

“At one point I stood on the table while my friend pulled the skin down – I kept thinking how shocking it would be if someone had walked into the room while I was stood on the table holding a bloody penguin.” It never bothers Sarah to be handling dead animals, and it doesn’t register to her that I might be gross or disgusting. “The only time I’ve ever had to stop working on an animal was when I tried my first badger,” she said, “I freaked out while I was skinning it because it smelt a bit too much like a dog and I felt like Norman Bates from Psycho.” But generally, it doesn’t bother her to be working on dead animals, even going so far as to defrost her specimens in her fridge before working on them - “My partner’s always really angry about that.”

John Hancock is considered to be
the father of British Taxidermy,
popularising displaying animals
in realistic positions and
developing a preservation
method that didn't use arsenic.

Preserving Nature

Natural History Museums, like the one where Sarah works, are full to the brim of various mounted animals, all to help with the education of the general public. Glenn Roadley, the curator of Natural Science for the Potteries Museum and Art Gallery in Stoke thinks it’s very important for museums to display these specimens as it allows the public to get up close to wildlife in a way that’s usually impossible. “Being able to see, or even touch and feel these wonderful animals can give an appreciation for them and the natural world that a photograph can’t compare to,” he said, “Many animals are now in decline, so by seeing the diversity of wildlife in a museum children and adults alike will be inspired to engage with and support the natural world.”

Similarly to this, the first use of taxidermy in Britain was related purely to scientific study in around the 17th century. Dr Annie Tindley, a senior lecturer of British History at Newcastle University said, “there was a lot of discoveries in this period, and it became common practise for scientists to collect animals to be preserved and displayed in museum cabinets of curiosity.” It was only around the 1830’s where taxidermy collections became more of an art and began to feature prominently in interior design. “Collections were a status symbol back then, if anything because you’d need a big house to put them all in,” said Dr Tindley “You had to be a leisured gentleman to be able to spend your time hunting for trophies to display. Even Prince Albert was known to have a large collection.”

"Playing with dead animals isn't very lady like."

Taxidermy fell out of fashion in the early twentieth century, but has now become a niche art that is picking up popularity in the present day, with Sarah being one of many young taxidermists to start working. “With older taxidermists its often an old boys club – men in their 50’s upwards who started off by finding dead things in the road," whereas the newer generation looks very much like Sarah, young and often female. “My theory is we all grew up watching films like The Craft, so we all have this macabre fascination from pretending to be witches.

“Playing with dead animals isn’t very lady like, but our parents encouraged us to always do whatever we wanted when we were younger rather than just make us curtsy."

The Nottingham Natural History museum is full of animal specimens visitors may never have seen before, like this echidna...

The Nottingham Natural History museum is full of animal specimens visitors may never have seen before, like this echidna...

...or this duck-billed platypus native to Australia.

...or this duck-billed platypus native to Australia.

A colourful kakapo smiles from its cabinet.

A colourful kakapo smiles from its cabinet.

A taxidermist can get creative with its poses to recreate the animal in life, mounting this kingfisher mid flight.

A taxidermist can get creative with its poses to recreate the animal in life, mounting this kingfisher mid flight.

A falcon peers majestically from his mount.

A falcon peers majestically from his mount.

Images provided by Sarah Burhouse, Rebecca Harrison and Shutterstock